6. The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

Mysore, a major pepper-exporting state, was invaded by the British, who wanted to break its spice monopoly. Its control of pepper routes in southern India posed a commercial threat to British interests. As a war prize, Britain looted warehouses filled with pepper.

Giovanni Vendramini on Wikimedia

7. The Spice Race

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal. Both powers raced to claim spice-producing regions, especially the Moluccas. The Pope arbitrated the treaty but failed to anticipate disputes over exact longitude lines.

Original: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa Photo: User:Joserebelo on Wikimedia

8. The Capture Of Malacca

Malacca was a major entrepôt for cloves and other East Indies spices. In 1511, the Portuguese seized it to control its strategic spice-trade choke point. Albuquerque built a fortress to guard spice exports, and capturing the city triggered centuries of European colonization in Southeast Asia.

Ernesto Ferreira Condeixa on Wikimedia

9. The Amboyna Massacre

Both the Dutch and English East India Companies claimed rights to the same spice-producing territories. However, in 1623, the Dutch executed English traders in Amboyna to eliminate nutmeg trade competition. The massacre nearly triggered a full-scale war between the two nations.

Anonymous on Wikimedia

10. The Ternate-Tidore Rivalry

These neighboring sultanates fought deadly wars over control of clove-growing areas. Their strategic value drew Portuguese and Spanish alliances into local conflicts. One sultanate aligned with Spain while the other allied with Portugal, escalating the feud.

HHEHUM on Wikimedia

11. The War Of Jenkins’ Ear

This colonial conflict was partly triggered by disputes over contraband spice trading in the Caribbean. British smugglers transporting illegal spices into Spanish colonies provoked violent reprisals. A British captain whose ear was severed by Spanish coast guards inspired the war’s name.

Peter Monamy on Wikimedia

12. The Philippine Conquest

One reason the Spanish colonized the Philippines was to secure a maritime route to the Moluccas’ clove supply. The islands were a strategic staging ground in Spain’s bid to access the spice-rich East Indies, and Manila became a vital link in the trans-Pacific spice and silver trade.

Ramon FVelasquez on Wikimedia

13. The French Siege Of Mahé

The French attacked Mahé to secure black pepper trade routes and challenge British spice dominance. Control of Mahé offered strategic access to the spice-producing Malabar Coast, and the siege was so drawn out that supplies were smuggled in via fishing boats.

Monsieur Paradis on Wikimedia

14. The Black Pepper War

Venice and Genoa waged naval skirmishes in the Mediterranean over control of the pepper trade. Their rivalry revolved around the dominance of sea routes connecting to spice merchants in the Levant. Both sides built large fleets to ensure their protection and hold their interests.

Eva Bronzini on Pexels

15. The Battle Of Swally

This 1612 naval battle marked the British entry into India’s black pepper trade, defeating Portuguese control. English ships used advanced cannon technology to defeat larger Portuguese vessels, and the British East India Company won critical trade rights in Surat following the victory.

Unknown authorUnknown author on Wikimedia

16. The Napoleonic Seizure Of The Moluccas

Britain captured the Moluccas from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars to control clove and nutmeg sources. These islands were directly targeted for their strategic and economic value in the spice trade, and their capture was celebrated in Britain as a major commercial victory.

Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown on Wikimedia

17. The Dutch Conquest Of Bali

Dutch military actions in Bali aimed to control ports feeding into the larger spice shipping network. Although Bali wasn’t a major spice producer, it served as an important node in Dutch logistical chains. The Dutch justified their invasion under the guise of abolishing slavery.

Dutch government on Wikimedia

18. The Makassar War

To protect its spice neutrality, Makassar built one of the most elaborate fortresses in Southeast Asia. However, the Dutch East India Company waged war on it to eliminate competition in the nutmeg trade, and it ended Makassar's role as a neutral trading hub for banned spice sellers.

Romeyn de Hooge (engraver / etcher) on Wikimedia

19. The Portuguese Blockade Of The Red Sea

Portugal enforced a blockade at the Red Sea’s mouth to cut off Muslim spice traders from India. This naval strategy was designed to redirect the pepper trade through Portuguese-controlled ports. The blockade led to famine and price spikes in spice markets across the Middle East.

Gaspar Correia (c. 1496–1563) on Wikimedia

20. The Aceh-Portuguese Conflicts

For decades, the Sultanate of Aceh fought Portugal to control the export of Sumatran spices. The wars were rooted not only in competition for clove and pepper ports but also in religious conflict. Female admirals led some of Aceh’s resistance fleets, a rarity in world naval history.

Baptista van Doetecum on Wikimedia